NAD+ plays a role in DNA repair, and proper level of neurotransmitters and in turning genes “off” and “on.” We also know that NAD levels are depleted when the body is dealing with illness, addiction, environmental toxins (including medications) and stress.

UNDERSTANDING DEPRESSION.

A chemical imbalance in the brain is said to occur when there’s either too much or too little of certain chemicals, called neurotransmitters, in the brain. Neurotransmitters are natural chemicals that help facilitate communication between your nerve cells.

The exact cause of mental disorders is still unclear. Researchers believe that genetics as well as environmental and social factors, such as stress or trauma, play a role. The most common evidence used to support the chemical imbalance theory is the effectiveness of antidepressant medications. These medications work by increasing the amounts of serotonin and other neurotransmitters in the brain.

Certain areas of the brain help regulate mood. Researchers believe that — more important than levels of specific brain chemicals — nerve cell connections, nerve cell growth, and the functioning of nerve circuits have a major impact on depression. Still, their understanding of the neurological underpinnings of mood is incomplete.

AREAS OF THE BRAIN AFFECTED BY DEPRESSION.

‣ Amygdala: The amygdala is part of the limbic system, a group of structures deep in the brain that's associated with emotions such as anger, pleasure, sorrow, fear, and sexual arousal. The amygdala is activated when a person recalls emotionally charged memories, such as a frightening situation. Activity in the amygdala is higher when a person is sad or clinically depressed. This increased activity continues even after recovery from depression.

‣ Thalamus: The thalamus receives most sensory information and relays it to the appropriate part of the cerebral cortex, which directs high-level functions such as speech, behavioral reactions, movement, thinking, and learning. Some research suggests that bipolar disorder may result from problems in the thalamus, which helps link sensory input to pleasant and unpleasant feelings.

‣ Hippocampus: The hippocampus is part of the limbic system and has a central role in processing long-term memory and recollection. Interplay between the hippocampus and the amygdala might account for the adage "once bitten, twice shy." It is this part of the brain that registers fear when you are confronted by a barking, aggressive dog, and the memory of such an experience may make you wary of dogs you come across later in life. The hippocampus is smaller in some depressed people, and research suggests that ongoing exposure to stress hormone impairs the growth of nerve cells in this part of the brain.

UNDERSTANDING ANXIETY.

Anxiety is a normal human emotion and affect about 40 million adult Americans. They can cause such distress that it interferes with a person's ability to lead a normal life. They are the most common mental illnesses in the U.S. Most anxiety disorders begin in childhood, adolescence and early adulthood. They occur more often in women than in men.

Approximately 8% of children and teenagers experience an anxiety disorder with most people developing symptoms before age 21 and only about 1/3 of those suffering from an anxiety disorder receive treatment, even though the disorders are highly treatable. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 1 in 13 globally suffers from anxiety. The WHO reports that anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorders worldwide with specific phobia, major depressive disorder and social phobia being the most common anxiety disorders.

Researchers are learning that anxiety disorders run in families, and that they have a biological basis, much like allergies or diabetes and other disorders. Anxiety disorders may develop from a complex set of risk factors, including genetics, brain chemistry, personality, and life events.

MOOD + ANXIETY DISORDER THERAPY.

NAD+ Therapy: During the intravenous treatment, NAD+ molecules work to quickly repair cells throughout the body and neurons in the brain. This boost in cell function can cause a drastic improvement in depression, anxiety, and other mood disorders.

REFERENCES

1. NAD: The Biological Rocket Fuel That Gives You Energy: www.healmindbody.com/nad-the-biological-rocket-fuel-that-gives-you-energy/ 

2. Niacin For Depression: Does Vitamin B3 Improve Mood?: https://mentalhealthdaily.com/2016/08/07/niacin-for-depression-does-vitamin-b3-improve-mood/  

3. Niacin: The Depression Cure: http://shabbygoat.com/food-health/niacin-depression-cure/

4. Niacin Therapy as Used by Abram Hoffer, M.D.: www.doctoryourself.com/hoffer_niacin.html

5. List of Coping Skills for Depression: https://healthfully.com/139974-list-coping-skills-depression.html 

6. Mental Health Treatment That Works: http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v01n11.shtml 

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) has shown to be responsive to NAD/BR+ treatment. It is a chronic pain condition most often affecting the arms, legs, hands, or feet and usually after an injury or trauma to that particular limb.

REFERENCES

1. Traumatic Brain Injury, NAD, Marigold, and Fish Oil: www.lifeextension.com/magazine/2016/7/traumatic-brain-injury-nad-marigold-and-fish-oil

2. Nicotinamide Riboside on Brain NAD+ in College Football Players: https://tbitherapy.com/nicotinamide-riboside-on-brain-nad-in-college-football-players/

3. Nutrition and Traumatic Brain Injury: https://books.google.com/books?id=IAM8xH7yEFYC&pg=PA2&lpg=PA2&dq=Chronic+Traumatic+Encephalopathy+and+NAD&source=bl&ots=tM_iYZ9QF2&sig=V0R7H4FVfMTsVYjARm1mERleTOA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjHrYfVyrTTAhUmrVQKHQ1xCOwQ6AEIWjAJ#v=onepage&q=Chronic%20Traumatic%20Encephalopathy%20and%20NAD&f=false 

4. Pathophysiological links between traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic headaches: https://f1000research.com/articles/5-2116/v1

5. The pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury at a glance: https://dmm.biologists.org/content/dmm/6/6/1307.full.pdf?with-ds=yes 

Neurodegenerative Diseases are the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, including the death of neurons. The diseases include Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s.

REFERENCES

1. What is NAD+ and Why Should You Care?: www.nutraingredients-usa.com/Product-innovations/What-is-NAD-and-Why-Should-You-Care  

2. The niacin required for optimum growth can be synthesized from L-tryptophan in growing mice lacking tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23700344/ 

3. Feeding Poultry: https://books.google.com/books?id=o065CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA462&lpg=PA462&dq=The+Niacin+Required+for+Optimum+Growth+Can&source=bl&ots=m3hfOAo2DI&sig=yYlJvVfGTQn_mbZkU8_I_CdqFow&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjUjNawpe7SAhUs_4MKHeW-DbEQ6AEIITAC#v=onepage&q=The%20Niacin%20Required%20for%20Optimum%20Growth%20Can&f=false

4. Chemical Compounds: http://rushim.ru/books/spravochniki/chemical-compounds.pdf

5. Hardin Jones Biostatistical Analysis of Mortality Data for Cohorts of Cancer Patients with a Large Fraction Surviving at the Termination of the Study and a Comparison of Survival Times of Cancer Patients Receiving Large Regular Oral Doses of Vitamin C and Other Nutrients with Similar Patients Not Receiving Those Doses: www.alternative-cancer-care.com/uploads/3/8/2/6/3826037/abram_hoffer_cancer_patient_study_survival_statistics.pdf

6. NAD⁺ repletion improves mitochondrial and stem cell function and enhances life span in mice: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27127236/ 

7. NAD+ and Vitamin B3: From Metabolism to Therapies: http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/324/3/883

8. The Next Big Anti-Aging Drug: Everything You Need To Know About “NAD”: https://bengreenfieldfitness.com/podcast/anti-aging-podcasts/what-is-nad/ 

9. NAD+ binding modulates protein interactions: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/355/6331/1277.18/tab-pdf

10. Neuroprotective Drug Gives a Nod to NAD: https://stm.sciencemag.org/content/6/256/256ec169 

Stress, aging, metabolic and hormonal imbalances, and other factors can disrupt sleep patterns, robbing the body of time needed to repair and restore itself.

REFERENCES

1. A metabolic–transcriptional network links sleep and cellular energetics in the brain: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4086657/

2. Circadian rhythms, sleep, and metabolism: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3104765/ 

3. It takes two to tango: NAD+ and sirtuins in aging/longevity control: www.nature.com/articles/npjamd201617

4. NAD+ an emerging framework for life health and life extension — Part 2: Deeper into the NAD World, hopeful interventions: www.anti-agingfirewalls.com/2014/12/15/nad-an-emerging-framework-for-life-health-and-life-extension-part-2-deeper-into-the-nad-world-hopeful-interventions/ 

NAD+ content is a critical protective factor in early carcinogenesis and can become a detrimental factor later in cancer progression and promotion phase. Namely, NAD+ restoration could prevent or reverse the phenotype of malignant cells at early stages by inducing.

REFERENCES

1. NAD+ in Cancer Prevention and Treatment: Pros and Cons: www.scitechnol.com/peer-review/nad-in-cancer-prevention-and-treatment-pros-and-cons-zR4d.php?article_id=5285

2. Scientists Find Promising New Approach to Preventing Progression of Breast Cancer: www.scripps.edu/newsandviews/e_20130225/felding.html

3. The NAD+ salvage pathway modulates cancer cell viability via p73: www.nature.com/articles/cdd2015134

4. NAD + salvage pathway in cancer metabolism and therapy: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27816507/

5. Stand Up To Cancer with NADH: https://nadh.com/pages/cancer

6. IV NAD in Cancer Treatment: www.awaremed.com/dr-dalal-akoury/iv-nad-cancer-treatment
   

Schizophrenia is characterized by a combination of perceptual changes (e.g., hallucinations) and thought disorders (e.g., delusions). These aberrant mental states, which can lead to psychotic behavior, cause a tremendous amount of emotional.

REFERENCES

1. Another Anecdote of Schizophrenia: http://www.doctoryourself.com/hoffer_anecdote.html 

2. Is NAD+ Decline Pathogenic in Schizophrenia?: http://www.longecity.org/forum/topic/71025-is-nad-decline-pathogenic-in-schizophrenia/

3. Abram Hoffer (MD) Collection: https://books.google.com/books?id=EQyQDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33&dq=NAD+and+schizophrenia&source=bl&ots=mqo591BVIT&sig=QzyHDi4yqlXraQM4TQfDk-QCoGw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiJyIH7x7TTAhVDI8AKHQjjCMk4ChDoAQg0MAM#v=onepage&q=NAD%20and%20schizophrenia&f=false 

NAD+ IV protocol has helped traumatized, depressed, suicidal, or addicted veterans and individuals with chronic stress find hope and get become free of torture. Our NAD/BR+ formula restores the neurochemical balance in a traumatized brain.

REFERENCES

1. PTSD and the Hope of NAD Therapy: http://execucarearc.com/ptsd-symptoms-myths-hope-nad-therapy/

2. Miracle Cure For Addiction, Depression, PTSD, And Chronic Illness: http://realgoodnews.com/healthenvironment/miracle-cure-for-addiction-depression-ptsd-and-chronic-illness/

3. Patrick, a combat veteran speaks about recovering from opiate addiction and PTSD: https://vimeo.com/91556376

4. Nitric oxide as inflammatory mediator in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2413191/

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a pervasive neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction, reduced/absent verbal and non-verbal communication, and repetitive behavior during early childhood. 

REFERENCES

1. Role of NAD+, Oxidative Stress, and Tryptophan Metabolism in Autism Spectrum Disorders: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255695165_Role_of_NAD_Oxidative_Stress_and_Tryptophan_Metabolism_in_Autism_Spectrum_Disorders 

2. Breakthrough Discovery on the Causes of Autism: https://drhyman.com/blog/2010/12/09/breakthrough-discovery-on-the-causes-of-autism/